Cross-laminated timber (CLT) — spruce
Structural panel of layered, glue-laminated softwood (typically spruce or pine) used as load-bearing walls, floors, and roofs. Backbone of most modern multi-storey biobased buildings.
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Carbon properties
GWP A1–A3 (cradle-to-gate)
56 kgCO2eq/m3
From EN 15804+A2 EPD. Includes biogenic uptake where the EPD reports module D-1 with the biogenic carbon flag.
Biogenic carbon factor
-1.6 kgCO2/kg
Net biogenic carbon per kg of material. Negative = stored. Independent of process emissions.
In-use durability
100 yr
CRCF Carbon Storage Product (≥35 yr)
Eligible
Sink bucket: carbon storage product
Physical and structural
Thermal conductivity
0.13 W/m·K
Density
480 kg/m³
Fire rating (Euroclass)
D
Structural
Load-bearing
Compliance and market
NTA 8230 biobased calc
Compliant
Dutch standard for biobased-share calculation; recognised by partner curators across the EU as the canonical method.
MPG shadow price (NL)
€0.18/m²
Milieuprestatie Gebouwen — Dutch environmental shadow price contribution per m². The closer to zero (or negative), the better the project scores against the Bepalingsmethode.
Supplier capacity (annual)
1,400,000 tonnes/yr
Aggregate known production capacity across documented producers in this material category.
Certifications
- CE
- ETA-14/0349 (Stora Enso)
- FSC
- PEFC
Sources
- BStora Enso (2023). Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) — product data and EN 15804+A2 Environmental Product Declarations published via the Stora Enso CLT Technical product manual. Spruce/pine glulam; lambda and density values from Stora Enso CLT technical brochure.